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Common Kingfisher
The Common Kingfisher (Alcedo atthis) is a small, brightly colored bird known for its striking blue and orange plumage and its remarkable fishing abilities. It plays a crucial role in riverine and wetland ecosystems as a top predator of small fish and aquatic invertebrates. While not globally threatened, it is sensitive to habitat degradation and pollution, serving as an indicator species for the health of freshwater environments. The kingfisher's swift flight and distinctive hunting technique have made it a popular subject of nature observation and folklore.
16-17 cm
Length
24-26 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Widespread across Europe, Asia, and North Africa. Migratory in northern parts of its range, moving south for the winter. Altitudinal range from sea level to 2,600 meters in some regions.
Lifespan
Typically 2-3 years in the wild, up to 7 years recorded; high mortality in first year.
Common Kingfisher's Habitat
Habitat Types
Rivers, Streams, Canals, Lakes, Ponds, Estuaries, Coastal lagoons
Climate Zones
Temperate, Subtropical, Tropical
Adaptations
Requires clear, slow-flowing or still water with overhanging perches (branches, reeds) for hunting. Also needs suitable earth banks for nesting burrows.
Variations
Several subspecies are recognized, differing slightly in size and plumage intensity (e.g., *Alcedo atthis ispida* in Europe, *Alcedo atthis bengalensis* in eastern Asia).
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Little difference; may be slightly duller outside breeding season.
Seasonal Feather Changes
Minimal; juveniles have duller plumage and darker legs/bill.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Females typically have a reddish-orange lower mandible, while males have an all-black bill.
Notable Features
Brilliant iridescent blue upperparts, Orange underparts and ear coverts, Short tail, Long, dagger-like bill, White throat and neck patches
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Small fish (e.g., minnows, sticklebacks), Aquatic insects, Crustaceans, Tadpoles
Foraging Behavior
Perches on branches overlooking water, then dives steeply to catch prey. May also hover briefly before diving.
Specializations
Excellent underwater vision; can compensate for refraction of light at the water surface. Third, transparent eyelid (nictitating membrane) protects the eye during dives.
Seasonal Diet Variations
May consume more insects and crustaceans when fish are less available.
Behavior
Social Structure
Generally solitary, except during breeding season. Territorial.
Communication
High-pitched 'chee' call, Whistling calls during courtship, Rapid bill-snapping during aggressive encounters
Migration
Northern populations are migratory; others are resident or undertake short-distance movements.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Defends feeding territories along stretches of river or stream. Territorial disputes involve chasing and calling.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss and degradation (e.g., river canalization, deforestation), Water pollution (pesticides, industrial effluents), Climate change (increased frequency of extreme weather events), Human disturbance (recreational activities)
Protection Programs
Habitat restoration projects, Water quality improvement initiatives, Legal protection under various national and international laws
Local National Laws
Protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 in the UK, and similar legislation in other countries.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Global population estimated at 600,000 - 1,499,999 individuals.
Interesting Facts
Kingfishers can see polarized light.
This helps them to see through reflections on the water surface and locate prey.
They regurgitate pellets of indigestible material.
These pellets contain fish bones, scales, and insect exoskeletons.
Kingfisher nesting burrows can be up to a meter long.
This provides protection from predators and the elements.
The bright blue color of the kingfisher's feathers is not due to pigment.
It's a structural color, created by the microscopic structure of the feathers, which scatters blue light.
Faqs about Common Kingfisher
What is the lifespan of a Common Kingfisher?
The average lifespan in the wild is around 2-3 years, although some individuals can live up to 7 years. Mortality is high in the first year.
Where can I see a Common Kingfisher?
Look for them near slow-flowing or still, clear water with overhanging branches, such as rivers, streams, canals, and lakes. They are often seen perched on branches or reeds.
Are Common Kingfishers endangered?
No, they are classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN. However, their populations are vulnerable to habitat loss and pollution.
How do kingfishers catch fish?
They perch on a branch overlooking the water, then dive steeply to catch fish with their long, sharp bills. They have excellent underwater vision.
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