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Anhinga
The Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), often called the Snakebird, Water Turkey, or Darter, is a unique water bird known for its slender, snake-like neck and its habit of swimming with only its neck above the water. It plays a vital role in wetland ecosystems as a predator of fish and amphibians. While not holding significant cultural importance in many regions, its distinctive appearance and behavior have made it a subject of fascination for birdwatchers and nature enthusiasts.
75-95 cm
Length
105-117 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
The Anhinga is found in the southeastern United States, throughout Central and South America, and in parts of the Caribbean. It is generally non-migratory within its tropical range but may undertake seasonal movements in response to water levels and food availability in its more temperate zones.
Lifespan
Up to 12 years in the wild.
Anhinga's Habitat
Habitat Types
Freshwater swamps, Marshes, Lakes, Slow-moving rivers, Mangrove forests
Climate Zones
Tropical, Subtropical, Warm Temperate
Adaptations
Anhingas possess specialized vertebrae in their neck that allow for rapid, darting movements to spear fish. Their feet are fully webbed for efficient swimming, and they have dense bones, unlike most birds, which aid in submersion.
Variations
There are two recognized subspecies: *Anhinga anhinga anhinga* (found in South America east of the Andes) and *Anhinga anhinga leucogaster* (found in North and Central America, and the Caribbean).
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Males have black plumage with silvery-white streaks on their wings and back during breeding season. Females and non-breeding males have a buffy-brown head and neck.
Seasonal Feather Changes
The most noticeable seasonal variation is the brighter, more contrasting plumage of males during the breeding season.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Significant; males are mostly black with white markings, while females have a brown head and neck.
Notable Features
Long, slender, S-shaped neck, Sharp, pointed bill, Fully webbed feet, Long, fan-shaped tail
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Fish, Amphibians, Crustaceans, Aquatic insects
Foraging Behavior
The Anhinga stalks its prey underwater, often swimming with only its neck above the surface. It then spears fish with a rapid thrust of its bill. It brings the impaled prey to the surface, tosses it in the air, and swallows it headfirst.
Specializations
The Anhinga's neck vertebrae are uniquely adapted for rapid spearing. It also lacks the preen oil of many waterbirds, requiring it to spread its wings to dry after swimming.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet may vary slightly depending on the availability of prey in different seasons, but fish generally remain the primary food source.
Behavior
Social Structure
Anhingas are often solitary or found in pairs, but they may form small breeding colonies.
Communication
Croaking calls, Clicking sounds, Visual displays (neck waving, wing spreading)
Migration
Mostly non-migratory, but some populations may move in response to water levels or food availability.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Anhingas are territorial during the breeding season, defending their nesting sites. Outside of breeding, they may roost communally.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss and degradation (wetland drainage), Pollution (pesticides, heavy metals), Human disturbance, Entanglement in fishing gear
Protection Programs
Wetland conservation and restoration efforts, Protected areas (national parks, wildlife refuges)
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the United States.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
The global population is estimated to be in the hundreds of thousands, but precise numbers are difficult to obtain.
Interesting Facts
Anhingas often perch with their wings spread out to dry.
This is because their feathers are less waterproof than those of many other waterbirds, allowing them to dive more easily but requiring them to dry in the sun.
The name 'Anhinga' comes from a Tupi word meaning 'snake bird' or 'devil bird'.
This refers to the bird's snake-like neck and its habit of swimming with only its neck above water.
Anhingas can stay submerged for extended periods.
This is due in part to their dense bones and reduced buoyancy.
Faqs about Anhinga
Why do Anhingas swim with only their neck above water?
This allows them to stalk their prey stealthily, appearing like a snake rather than a bird.
Are Anhingas related to cormorants?
Yes, Anhingas and cormorants are closely related and belong to the same order (Suliformes). They share some physical and behavioral traits.
Can Anhingas fly well?
Yes, Anhingas are strong fliers, often soaring high in the air on thermals.
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