Aythya fuligula, commonly known as the Tufted Duck, is native to a broad range across the Palearctic region. This species is primarily found across Europe and Asia, with significant populations breeding in central and northern Europe and Asia. In winter, the species migrates to more temperate areas, including parts of western Europe, the Mediterranean region, and southern Asia. Some populations may also be found in northern Africa during the winter months.

The Tufted Duck typically inhabits freshwater lakes, pools, and reservoirs, with a preference for deeper bodies of water that are partly surrounded by vegetation. During breeding, it favors areas with aquatic vegetation which provides cover and nesting sites. In winter, it can also be found in coastal waters and estuaries, adapting to brackish water conditions when necessary. The climate in their habitats ranges from temperate to subarctic in breeding areas, and milder in wintering areas.

Aythya fuligula occupies the ecological niche of a diving duck, feeding mainly on mollusks, aquatic insects, and some plant material. It often forms large flocks, especially during migration and winter, which can aggregate in lakes and coastal areas. Its role in the ecosystem includes controlling populations of aquatic invertebrates and contributing to the nutrient cycling through its feeding habits.