Bitis caudalis, commonly known as the horned adder, is a venomous viper species native to the arid regions of southern Africa. It is distinguished by its small size, sandy coloration, and prominent horn-like scales above each eye. This snake exhibits ambush predation, often burying itself in sand to catch unsuspecting prey.

Bitis caudalis, commonly known as the horned adder, is native to the arid regions of southern Africa. Its geographical distribution includes countries such as Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, and parts of northern South Africa.

The horned adder typically inhabits arid and semi-arid environments, such as deserts and savannas. These regions are characterized by sandy soils, sparse vegetation, and extreme temperature variations between day and night.

Bitis caudalis is well-adapted to its environment, often found in areas with loose sand where it can bury itself to ambush prey. Its ecological niche includes preying on small mammals, birds, and lizards. The species has adaptations like keeled scales and a distinctive horn-like projection above each eye, which aid in camouflage and defense.