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Bohemian Waxwing
The Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus) is a striking passerine bird known for its sleek plumage, crested head, and distinctive black mask. These birds are highly nomadic, often appearing in large flocks during winter in search of fruit-bearing trees. Their erratic movements, driven by fluctuating food availability, make them a welcome sight for birdwatchers. Ecologically, they play a crucial role in seed dispersal, particularly for berry-producing plants. While not holding strong cultural significance in many areas, their sudden appearances and vibrant colors have made them symbols of winter and abundance in some folklore.
18-21 cm
Length
32-35 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Bohemian Waxwings breed in the boreal forests of North America and Eurasia. Their breeding range extends across northern Canada and Alaska, Scandinavia, and Russia. During winter, they are irruptive migrants, moving south in large numbers to temperate regions, including southern Canada, the northern United States, central Europe, and parts of Asia. Their movements are highly dependent on food availability.
Lifespan
Up to 13 years in the wild (though typically shorter). Captive birds may live longer.
Bohemian Waxwing's Habitat
Habitat Types
Boreal forests, Coniferous forests, Mixed woodlands, Urban and suburban areas (during winter)
Climate Zones
Boreal, Temperate
Adaptations
Bohemian Waxwings are well-adapted to cold climates. Their dense plumage provides excellent insulation. Their ability to survive on a diet primarily of fruit allows them to thrive in areas where insects are scarce during winter. They can consume large quantities of berries in a short period, storing them in their crop for later digestion.
Variations
There are generally considered to be two or three subspecies, with slight variations in size and plumage coloration. These include *Bombycilla garrulus garrulus* (Europe and Asia), *Bombycilla garrulus centralasiae* (central Asia) and *Bombycilla garrulus pallidiceps* (North America).
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Plumage is similar year-round, though it may be slightly brighter during the breeding season.
Seasonal Feather Changes
Limited seasonal variation; plumage may become slightly worn by late winter.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Males and females have very similar plumage. Males tend to have a slightly broader black throat patch and a longer, more defined crest, but these differences are subtle.
Notable Features
Crested head, Black mask across the eyes, Black throat patch, Yellow-tipped tail feathers, Red waxy tips on secondary wing feathers (giving the 'waxwing' name)
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Fruits (especially berries), Insects (during breeding season)
Foraging Behavior
Bohemian Waxwings are primarily frugivorous, feeding on berries and other fruits. They often forage in large flocks, moving from tree to tree. During the breeding season, they also consume insects, which provide protein for growing chicks. They may catch insects in flight or glean them from foliage.
Specializations
Their digestive system is adapted to handle large quantities of fruit. They can process berries quickly, extracting nutrients and excreting the seeds, which aids in seed dispersal. They can also tolerate the alcohol produced by fermenting fruit to a degree.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Their diet shifts dramatically between the breeding season (when insects are a significant component) and the winter (when they rely almost entirely on fruit). The availability of specific fruits drives their movements during winter.
Behavior
Social Structure
Highly social, especially outside the breeding season. They form large flocks, sometimes numbering in the hundreds or even thousands of birds, during winter migrations and foraging.
Communication
High-pitched, trilling calls, Contact calls to maintain flock cohesion, Visual displays (crest raising, body posture)
Migration
Bohemian Waxwings are irruptive migrants. Their winter movements are unpredictable and driven by food availability. They do not follow set migratory routes in the same way as many other bird species.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
They are not strongly territorial during the breeding season, though they may defend the immediate area around their nest. During winter, they are highly gregarious and forage cooperatively.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss (particularly in breeding areas), Climate change (affecting fruit availability), Collisions with windows (especially during irruptions), Pesticide use (affecting insect prey during breeding season)
Protection Programs
General habitat conservation efforts, Monitoring of populations through citizen science initiatives (e.g., Christmas Bird Count)
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in North America and similar legislation in other countries.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Global population estimated to be in the millions, though precise numbers are difficult to determine due to their nomadic nature.
Interesting Facts
Bohemian Waxwings can become intoxicated from eating fermented berries.
They have a relatively large liver, which helps them process the alcohol, but they can still exhibit signs of drunkenness, such as flying erratically.
The 'wax' in their name refers to the red, waxy tips on their secondary wing feathers.
These tips are actually extensions of the feather shafts and their function is not fully understood, though they may play a role in mate selection.
They are known for their irruptive migrations.
Their winter movements are highly unpredictable and depend on the availability of fruit crops. Some years they may be abundant in areas where they are rarely seen in other years.
Faqs about Bohemian Waxwing
What do I do if I find a Bohemian Waxwing that appears to be drunk?
If you find a waxwing that seems disoriented or unable to fly, it may be intoxicated from eating fermented berries. Place it in a safe, dark, quiet place (like a cardboard box with air holes) until it recovers. Do not offer food or water. If it does not recover within a few hours, contact a local wildlife rehabilitator. *Consult a professional for expert advice.*
How can I attract Bohemian Waxwings to my yard?
Planting fruit-bearing trees and shrubs, such as mountain ash, crabapple, and juniper, can attract Bohemian Waxwings, especially during winter. Providing a source of fresh water can also be helpful.
Are Bohemian Waxwings related to Cedar Waxwings?
Yes, they are both members of the Bombycillidae family (Waxwing Family). They share similar characteristics, such as their crested heads and fondness for fruit, but they have distinct plumage and ranges.
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