The common toad (Bufo bufo), also known as the European toad, is native to much of Europe, extending into parts of Asia and northern Africa. Its range includes the British Isles, most of Europe excluding Iceland, the European part of Russia, parts of the Middle East, and some areas in North Africa. It is found from sea level up to altitudes of around 2,500 meters in the Alps.

Bufo bufo typically inhabits a variety of environments, including woodlands, grasslands, and gardens. It prefers environments with moist conditions but can also adapt to drier areas as long as there are available water bodies for breeding. It is often found in areas with dense vegetation that provides cover and feeding opportunities.

Bufo bufo plays a significant ecological role as both predator and prey within its habitat. It feeds on invertebrates like insects, spiders, worms, and slugs, helping to control these populations. As a prey species, it is part of the diet of a range of predators, including birds, mammals, and reptiles. Its skin toxins serve as a defense mechanism against some predators.