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Nicobar Pigeon
The Nicobar Pigeon (*Caloenas nicobarica*) is a stunning and unique bird species, notable for its iridescent plumage and close relation to the extinct dodo and Rodrigues solitaire. It plays a crucial role in its island ecosystems as a seed disperser, contributing to forest regeneration. Unlike many other pigeon species, it is relatively shy and prefers undisturbed habitats. While not holding major cultural significance in many widespread cultures, it is appreciated for its beauty and is sometimes a symbol of the unique biodiversity found in its native regions.
34-40 cm
Length
Not readily available in standard literature cm
Wingspan
Near Threatened
Conservation Status
Distribution
Found primarily on small islands and in coastal regions from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India), east through the Malay Archipelago, to the Solomons and Palau. They are known to travel between islands, but are not strongly migratory in the traditional sense.
Lifespan
Approximately 8-12 years in the wild, potentially longer in captivity.
Nicobar Pigeon's Habitat
Habitat Types
Lowland rainforests, Mangrove forests, Small, undisturbed offshore islands
Climate Zones
Tropical
Adaptations
Their preference for small, forested islands is likely an adaptation to reduce predation risk. They have strong gizzards that allow them to consume hard-shelled seeds, which are common in their island habitats.
Variations
Two subspecies are recognized: *Caloenas nicobarica nicobarica* (the nominate subspecies) and *Caloenas nicobarica pelewensis* (found in Palau). Differences between these subspecies are relatively minor, primarily involving subtle variations in plumage.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Plumage is generally consistent year-round.
Seasonal Feather Changes
No significant seasonal variations.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Males and females have similar plumage, though males may have slightly more developed hackles (elongated neck feathers).
Notable Features
Iridescent green, blue, and copper plumage., Long, hackled neck feathers., Short, white tail., Dark greyish-black head and underparts.
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Seeds, Fruits, Small invertebrates, Buds
Foraging Behavior
Forages primarily on the forest floor, picking up fallen fruits and seeds. It often scratches and probes the leaf litter with its bill.
Specializations
Possesses a very muscular gizzard that allows it to crush and digest hard seeds that other birds cannot.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet may shift slightly depending on the availability of fruits and seeds throughout the year, but generally remains consistent.
Behavior
Social Structure
Often seen in pairs or small groups, but can sometimes form larger flocks, particularly at good feeding sites or roosting areas.
Communication
Soft cooing vocalizations, Bowing displays during courtship
Migration
Not a migratory species in the typical sense, but capable of island hopping and short-distance flights between feeding and roosting sites.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
May defend feeding territories, especially during breeding season. They are known to roost communally.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss (deforestation for agriculture and development), Hunting for food and the pet trade, Predation by introduced species (rats, cats, etc.)
Protection Programs
CITES Appendix I (prohibits international trade), Protected areas within its range (e.g., national parks in the Nicobar Islands)
Local National Laws
Protected under various national wildlife protection laws in countries within its range.
Population Trend
Decreasing
Population Estimates
Global population estimates are difficult to obtain due to the bird's shy nature and island habitat, but it is considered rare and declining.
Interesting Facts
They are one of the closest living relatives of the extinct dodo.
Genetic studies have shown a close relationship between the Nicobar Pigeon and the dodo and Rodrigues solitaire, both of which were flightless island birds.
They can swallow seeds with very hard shells.
Their powerful gizzard allows them to grind down and digest seeds that would be impossible for many other birds to consume.
They are sometimes called the "vulturine pigeon" due to their hackles.
The elongated neck feathers are thought to resemble the bare neck of some vulture species.
Faqs about Nicobar Pigeon
Are Nicobar Pigeons good pets?
No. They are a protected species and are illegal to keep as pets in most places. They also have specific habitat and dietary needs that are difficult to meet in captivity.
Why are they called Nicobar Pigeons?
They are named after the Nicobar Islands, a part of their range in the Indian Ocean.
Can they fly well?
Yes, they are strong fliers, capable of flying between islands. However, they often prefer to walk on the ground.
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