The Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) is native to Europe, North Africa, and western Asia. It is widely distributed due to its adaptability to various environments and the proliferation of domesticated forms.

Rock Pigeons typically inhabit open and semi-open environments, often found in coastal cliffs, mountain gorges, and urban areas. They have successfully adapted to various climates, from temperate regions to more arid zones.

In their natural and urban settings, Rock Pigeons often occupy niches involving feeding on grains, seeds, and occasionally small invertebrates. They are known for their ability to thrive in urban areas, exploiting human-altered habitats where they scavenge and nest on buildings that mimic their natural cliff-like nesting sites.