The native region of Cyprinus carpio, commonly known as the common carp, includes much of Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It is widely believed to have originated in the rivers and lakes of the Danube River basin and the Black Sea region.

Common carp typically inhabit slow-moving or still freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. They prefer waters with a moderate to rich supply of aquatic vegetation and a soft sedimentary bottom. Cyprinus carpio can thrive in a wide range of water temperatures, but they generally prefer temperatures between 3°C to 35°C. However, they are most active and show optimal growth in temperatures ranging from 23°C to 30°C. The species is also tolerant of low oxygen levels and can survive in brackish conditions.

The common carp plays a significant role as a benthivore in freshwater ecosystems. It feeds on a variety of items including detritus, benthic organisms such as insect larvae, and plant material. By stirring up the substrate during feeding, common carp can influence the aquatic ecosystem by impacting water clarity, nutrient cycling, and the availability of food resources for other species. Its ability to exploit various food resources has allowed it to thrive in diverse habitats.