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White-bellied Sea Eagle
The White-bellied Sea Eagle (*Haliaeetus leucogaster*) is a majestic raptor renowned for its striking appearance and significant ecological role as a top predator in coastal and wetland ecosystems. It is a large diurnal bird of prey found across a wide range, from India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia and Tasmania. Often seen soaring high above water bodies or perched on prominent vantage points, this eagle plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of its environment by controlling populations of fish, sea snakes, and other prey. It holds cultural significance in some indigenous communities, often featured in folklore and considered a symbol of power and freedom.
70-85 cm
Length
180-220 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
The White-bellied Sea Eagle has a broad distribution, ranging from India and Sri Lanka eastward through Southeast Asia, including countries like Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines, to Australia and Tasmania. They are not typically migratory but may disperse widely within their range. They are found in coastal regions and near large inland water bodies.
Lifespan
In the wild, they can live up to 30 years. Lifespan in captivity can be similar or slightly longer with proper care.
White-bellied Sea Eagle's Habitat
Habitat Types
Coastal areas, Mangrove forests, Estuaries, Large rivers, Lakes
Climate Zones
Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate
Adaptations
White-bellied Sea Eagles possess powerful talons and a hooked beak, ideal for catching and consuming aquatic prey. Their keen eyesight allows them to spot prey from great heights. Their preference for coastal and wetland habitats means they are often found near abundant food sources.
Variations
While generally considered monotypic (no recognized subspecies), slight variations in size and plumage may occur across its vast range, though these are not formally classified as distinct subspecies.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Adult plumage remains consistent year-round.
Seasonal Feather Changes
No significant seasonal variations in adult plumage.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Adult males and females have similar plumage: a white head, breast, under-wing coverts, and tail. The back and upper wings are dark grey. Juveniles are predominantly brown, gradually acquiring adult plumage over several years.
Notable Features
Large, hooked beak, Powerful talons, White head and underparts, Dark grey upperparts, Wedge-shaped tail in flight
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Fish, Sea snakes, Turtles, Water birds, Carrion
Foraging Behavior
White-bellied Sea Eagles hunt by soaring high above water, using their keen eyesight to spot prey. They then swoop down and snatch their prey from the water's surface with their powerful talons. They may also hunt from a perch or engage in kleptoparasitism, stealing food from other birds.
Specializations
Their strong talons and hooked beak are perfectly adapted for catching and tearing apart slippery aquatic prey. They are also capable of carrying prey significantly heavier than themselves.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet may vary slightly depending on prey availability in different seasons or locations. For example, during periods of low fish abundance, they may consume more carrion or water birds.
Behavior
Social Structure
White-bellied Sea Eagles are generally monogamous and maintain pair bonds for life. They are often seen in pairs or family groups. Outside of the breeding season, they may congregate in larger numbers at abundant food sources.
Communication
Loud, goose-like honking calls, Aerial displays, Talon-grappling, Mutual preening
Migration
White-bellied Sea Eagles are not typically migratory, but may undertake local movements in response to food availability or water levels.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Pairs are highly territorial during the breeding season, defending their nesting site and surrounding foraging areas from other eagles. They may engage in aerial chases and vocal displays to deter intruders.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat destruction (coastal development, deforestation), Pollution (pesticides, heavy metals), Disturbance from human activities, Collision with power lines, Persecution (in some areas)
Protection Programs
Protected areas (national parks, reserves), Habitat restoration projects, Public awareness campaigns, Monitoring programs
Local National Laws
Protected under various national and international laws, including CITES Appendix II, which regulates international trade.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
While the global population is considered stable, exact numbers are difficult to determine due to the species' wide range. It is estimated to be between 1,000 and 10,000 individuals.
Interesting Facts
They can catch prey underwater.
Although they primarily snatch prey from the surface, they can briefly submerge to catch fish.
They are known to mate for life.
Strong pair bonds are crucial for successful breeding and raising young.
Their nests can be enormous.
Repeated use and additions over many years can result in nests reaching several meters in diameter and depth.
Juveniles have different Plumage
It takes several years for the young birds to attain the distinctive adult White-bellied and dark grey plumage.
Faqs about White-bellied Sea Eagle
What is the biggest threat to White-bellied Sea Eagles?
Habitat destruction due to coastal development and deforestation is a major threat, along with pollution and human disturbance.
Are White-bellied Sea Eagles dangerous to humans?
They are not typically aggressive towards humans, but like all wild animals, they should be treated with respect and observed from a safe distance. They may defend their nests aggressively if they feel threatened.
How can I tell a White-bellied Sea Eagle from other eagles?
The adult's white head, breast, and tail, combined with the dark grey back and wings, are distinctive. In flight, the wedge-shaped tail is a key identifying feature.
Do they only eat fish?
While fish are a major part of their diet, they also eat sea snakes, turtles, water birds, and carrion.
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