Homo sapiens, or modern humans, are believed to have originated in Africa. Early evidence of Homo sapiens has been found in eastern and southern Africa, suggesting these regions as the cradle of human evolution. From Africa, humans migrated to other parts of the world, eventually inhabiting every continent except Antarctica.

Homo sapiens have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions, from tropical rainforests to arid deserts, high-altitude regions, and polar tundras. Their ability to manipulate and alter environments with technology and culture has allowed them to thrive in diverse climates and geographies.

Humans occupy a unique ecological niche due to their advanced tool use, language, and social structures. They are omnivores and have a versatile diet, which, combined with intelligence and adaptability, allows them to impact various ecological systems significantly. Apart from living in natural habitats, humans create anthropogenic environments such as cities and farmlands.