Lepus californicus, commonly known as the black-tailed jackrabbit, is native to North America. Its geographical distribution stretches across the western United States and Mexico, and parts of southern Canada. Specifically, it is found in the Great Plains, the southwestern United States, and into Mexico, reaching as far south as Mexico's central plateau.

The black-tailed jackrabbit primarily inhabits arid and semi-arid regions. It thrives in environments such as deserts, prairies, and open grasslands. These areas are characterized by sparse vegetation, including grasses, shrubs, and cacti, and typically have dry climates with limited rainfall. Temperatures can be extreme, with hot summers and cool winters.

Lepus californicus occupies a niche as both a grazer and browser, feeding on a wide variety of vegetation, from grasses and forbs to twigs and shrubs. This species is highly adaptable, which allows it to survive in environments where food is scarce. Its large ears help regulate body temperature, crucial for survival in hot desert conditions. The black-tailed jackrabbit also serves as prey for many predators, including coyotes, eagles, and hawks, and is an integral part of the food chain in its native habitat.