Mareca penelope, commonly known as the Eurasian Wigeon, is native to a wide geographical range that encompasses parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Its breeding range includes the northern parts of Europe and Asia, extending from Iceland to Northern Russia. During the winter months, it migrates southwards to more temperate regions, including parts of Africa, southern Europe, and southern Asia.

The Eurasian Wigeon typically inhabits wetland environments, including marshes, lakes, and rivers, with abundant aquatic vegetation. It requires freshwater or brackish waters and often favors areas with reed beds or other types of dense water-edge vegetation. The climate in its habitat varies widely due to its extensive range, from the cold, subarctic conditions of its breeding grounds to the milder, temperate climates of its wintering zones.

The Eurasian Wigeon occupies an ecological niche as a dabbling duck. It primarily feeds by grazing on grasses and other plants near the water's edge or by dabbling for plant material and aquatic insects. Its feeding habits often align with its presence in rich, fertile wetlands that support a variety of plant and animal life. This species plays a role in seed dispersal and the regulation of plant growth through its grazing activities.