Melanerpes erythrocephalus, commonly known as the Red-headed Woodpecker, is native to North America. Its geographical distribution includes central and eastern United States, extending into southern Canada. It is most frequently found from the Great Plains eastward to the Atlantic coast, including areas such as southern Canada, particularly in the southern regions of Manitoba, Ontario, and eastern Quebec.

The Red-headed Woodpecker primarily inhabits open woodlands and deciduous forests, particularly favoring oak and beech trees. It is also found in forest edges, river bottoms, and areas with scattered trees. This species thrives in environments with dead trees and snags, which are essential for nesting. Additionally, it is often seen in suburbs, orchards, and along roads where trees are present. This woodpecker prefers a temperate climate and is adapted to both moist and relatively dry conditions.

The Red-headed Woodpecker plays an important role in its ecosystem by controlling insect populations and aiding in seed dispersion. It is a versatile feeder with an omnivorous diet, consuming insects, seeds, nuts, fruits, and occasionally small vertebrates. The bird's cavity-nesting behavior provides ex-nesting sites for other avian species, facilitating biodiversity within its native habitats.