Melospiza melodia, commonly known as the Song Sparrow, is native to North America. It is widely distributed across the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and from Northern Canada down into Northern Mexico. Specific regions include the United States, southern parts of Canada, and the northern and central areas of Mexico.

Song Sparrows inhabit a wide variety of environments including open shrubby areas, wetlands, marshes, forest edges, and gardens. They are often found in areas with dense vegetation that provide cover and nesting sites. The climate conditions across their range can vary widely from temperate and subtropical in the south to cold and temperate in the north.

The Song Sparrow typically occupies ecological niches that include dense, low vegetation near water sources where it forages for insects, seeds, and fruits. Their habitats support a diverse diet, and the birds are adaptable to varying conditions, often seen in both urban and rural areas. Regional adaptations can include variations in song dialects and plumage patterns among subspecies.