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California Towhee
The California Towhee (Melozone crissalis) is a large, drab sparrow common in California and Baja California. It is well-adapted to chaparral and other shrubby habitats, often seen foraging on the ground. Unlike many sparrows, it is non-migratory, maintaining year-round territories. It plays an important ecological role as a seed disperser and prey item for larger predators. While not brightly colored, its subtle beauty and persistent presence make it a familiar bird to many residents within its range.
20-25 cm
Length
25-30 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Primarily found in California, USA, and Baja California, Mexico. Its range extends from southwestern Oregon south along the coast and inland valleys. It is largely non-migratory, though some populations may exhibit short-distance altitudinal movements.
Lifespan
Typically 3-4 years in the wild, although some individuals may live longer.
California Towhee's Habitat
Habitat Types
Chaparral, Coastal sage scrub, Oak woodlands, Riparian thickets, Suburban gardens
Climate Zones
Mediterranean, Temperate
Adaptations
Strong legs and feet adapted for scratching and running on the ground. Its relatively long tail aids in balance while maneuvering through dense vegetation.
Variations
Several subspecies are recognized, differing subtly in plumage darkness and bill size. These variations are often linked to specific geographic regions.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Plumage remains similar year-round.
Seasonal Feather Changes
No significant seasonal variation.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Males and females have very similar plumage.
Notable Features
Brownish-gray overall coloration, Rufous undertail coverts (crissum), Dark streaks on the throat, Relatively long tail
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Seeds, Insects, Berries, Small fruits
Foraging Behavior
Primarily forages on the ground, scratching at leaf litter with both feet simultaneously in a 'double-scratch' technique. It may also glean insects from low vegetation.
Specializations
Strong legs and feet adapted for ground foraging.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet shifts slightly with seasonal availability. Insects are more prominent in the diet during the breeding season, while seeds form the bulk of the diet in winter.
Behavior
Social Structure
Generally found in pairs or family groups. Territorial during the breeding season.
Communication
A distinctive, metallic *chink* call note., A simple song consisting of a series of *chink* notes., Scratching sounds produced while foraging.
Migration
Non-migratory; maintains year-round territories.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Defends territories against other towhees, particularly during the breeding season. Territories are often maintained year after year.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss due to urbanization and agriculture, Pesticide use, Predation by domestic cats
Protection Programs
Habitat restoration projects in some areas, General protections under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (though it doesn't migrate)
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the United States.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Estimated global population of around 9.5 million individuals.
Interesting Facts
They are known for their 'double-scratch' foraging technique.
This involves kicking both feet backward simultaneously to uncover food in leaf litter.
California Towhees are often mistaken for other sparrow species.
Their drab coloration can make them blend in with their surroundings.
They are relatively tolerant of human presence.
They can often be found in suburban gardens and parks within their range.
Faqs about California Towhee
What do California Towhees eat?
They eat a variety of seeds, insects, berries, and small fruits, primarily foraging on the ground.
Do California Towhees migrate?
No, they are non-migratory and maintain year-round territories.
Where do California Towhees build their nests?
They build cup-shaped nests in dense shrubs or low trees, usually well-hidden.
What does a California Towhee sound like?
It has a distinct metallic *chink* call.
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