The muskox, Ovibos moschatus, is a robust mammal adapted to Arctic environments. It has a thick coat, curved horns, and a social structure that involves forming protective circles against predators. They graze on tundra vegetation and play a crucial role in their ecosystem by influencing plant growth and nutrient cycling.

Ovibos moschatus, commonly known as the musk ox, is native to the Arctic regions of North America and Greenland. Their historical range included parts of Siberia, but they are no longer found there naturally.

Musk oxen inhabit tundra regions characterized by cold temperatures, limited vegetation, and permafrost. These areas have long, harsh winters with temperatures often dropping below -30°C (-22°F) and short, cool summers.

Musk oxen are adapted to grazing on grasses, sedges, and willows found in the Arctic tundra. They are well-suited to survive in extreme cold due to their thick, insulating fur and large body size, which reduces heat loss. Their ecological niche includes being both a grazer and a prey species for Arctic predators like wolves.