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Black Redstart
The Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros) is a small passerine bird that was formerly classed as a member of the thrush family, Turdidae, but is now more generally considered to be an Old World flycatcher, Muscicapidae. This bird is a striking species, known for its contrasting plumage and characteristic tail-shivering behavior. It plays a beneficial role in controlling insect populations and has adapted remarkably well to human-altered environments, often nesting in urban areas. While not globally threatened, it faces localized declines due to habitat loss and other factors.
13-14.5 cm
Length
23-26 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
The Black Redstart breeds across much of Europe and Asia, extending from the British Isles and Iberia eastwards to China. Northern populations are migratory, wintering in southern Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of South Asia. Altitudinal range varies, from sea level to high mountain regions.
Lifespan
Typically 2-3 years in the wild, but can live up to 10 years.
Black Redstart's Habitat
Habitat Types
Rocky areas, Cliffs, Buildings, Ruins, Industrial sites, Gardens
Climate Zones
Temperate, Mediterranean, Continental, Arid
Adaptations
Black Redstarts have adapted to a wide range of habitats, including urban environments. Their preference for rocky areas and crevices translates well to buildings and other man-made structures, which provide nesting sites similar to natural cliffs.
Variations
Several subspecies exist, differing slightly in plumage and size. For example, *Phoenicurus ochruros gibraltariensis* in western Europe has a greyer back than eastern subspecies.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Males in breeding plumage are striking, with a black face, breast, and back, contrasting with a bright orange-red rump and tail. Females and non-breeding males are duller, with a grey-brown body and the characteristic red tail.
Seasonal Feather Changes
Males acquire their full breeding plumage in their second year. After breeding, they molt into a duller non-breeding plumage.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Significant. Males are much darker and more contrasting in color than females.
Notable Features
Bright orange-red tail, constantly flicked, Black face and breast in breeding males, White wing patch in some subspecies
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Insects, Spiders, Berries, Seeds
Foraging Behavior
Black Redstarts typically forage on the ground, making short flights to catch insects. They also glean insects from walls and vegetation, and occasionally hawk insects in mid-air. They often perch on prominent vantage points to scan for prey.
Specializations
Their agility and quick reflexes are well-suited for catching flying insects.
Seasonal Diet Variations
The diet shifts seasonally. Insects and other invertebrates are the primary food source during the breeding season, while berries and seeds become more important in autumn and winter.
Behavior
Social Structure
Generally solitary or in pairs during the breeding season. May form small, loose flocks outside of the breeding season.
Communication
A sharp 'tic' call, A rattling alarm call, A complex song consisting of a scratchy warble followed by a distinctive 'ticking' sound
Migration
Northern populations are migratory, undertaking long-distance journeys to wintering grounds. Southern populations may be resident or only partially migratory.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Males are territorial during the breeding season, defending their nesting site and surrounding area. They may engage in aggressive displays and chases with rival males.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss (particularly loss of traditional buildings), Intensification of agriculture (reducing insect prey), Pesticide use, Climate change (potentially affecting migration timing and breeding success)
Protection Programs
General wildlife protection laws, Agri-environment schemes promoting biodiversity
Local National Laws
Protected under various national and international wildlife legislation, such as the EU Birds Directive.
Population Trend
Generally stable, but with some localized declines.
Population Estimates
The European population is estimated to be 5.7 - 11 million breeding pairs.
Interesting Facts
They are one of the few bird species that thrive in urban environments.
Their adaptability to nesting on buildings has allowed them to colonize cities and towns.
The 'redstart' part of their name refers to their bright orange-red tail.
'Start' is an old English word for tail.
They often return to the same nesting site year after year.
This site fidelity is common in many bird species.
Black Redstarts have been recorded singing at night in urban areas.
This is thought to be a response to artificial light, which may disrupt their normal circadian rhythms.
Faqs about Black Redstart
What should I do if I find a Black Redstart nest?
Leave it undisturbed. Black Redstarts are protected by law, and it is illegal to intentionally damage or destroy their nests.
How can I attract Black Redstarts to my garden?
Provide a rocky or crevice-like nesting site, such as a rockery or an open-fronted nest box. Avoid using pesticides, which can reduce their food supply.
Are Black Redstarts aggressive?
Males can be aggressive towards other males during the breeding season, but they are generally not aggressive towards humans.
Do Black Redstarts reuse their nests?
They might reuse the same nesting location, but they usually build a fresh nest each year.
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