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Hepatic Tanager
The Hepatic Tanager (*Piranga flava*) is a medium-sized songbird found across the Americas. It is notable for its vibrant plumage, particularly in males, and its varied diet. Unlike many tanagers that primarily inhabit tropical rainforests, the Hepatic Tanager occupies a broader range of habitats, including drier woodlands and even mountainous regions. Its ecological role includes seed dispersal and insect control. It does not hold significant cultural importance as some other bird species, but it is a valued part of the avifauna in its range.
17-20 cm
Length
28-32 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
The Hepatic Tanager's range extends from the southwestern United States through Mexico, Central America, and into South America as far south as northern Argentina. It does not undertake long-distance migrations like some *Piranga* species, but some populations may move altitudinally or regionally in response to food availability.
Lifespan
Information on lifespan in the wild is limited, but likely several years. Captive individuals may live longer.
Hepatic Tanager's Habitat
Habitat Types
Pine-oak woodlands, Dry forests, Savannas, Mountain slopes, Forest edges
Climate Zones
Temperate, Subtropical, Tropical
Adaptations
Hepatic Tanagers are adaptable to a range of elevations, from near sea level to over 3,000 meters. Their relatively robust bill allows them to consume a variety of food items, contributing to their habitat flexibility.
Variations
Numerous subspecies have been described (over 15), primarily based on plumage variations and geographic distribution. These differences often reflect adaptations to local environments.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Males in breeding plumage are typically a brick-red or liver-red color (hence 'hepatic'). Females and non-breeding males are more yellowish-olive. Some subspecies show significant variation in these patterns.
Seasonal Feather Changes
There may be slight dulling of colors in non-breeding plumage, but the overall pattern remains consistent.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Yes, significant dimorphism. Males are generally redder, while females are more yellowish-olive.
Notable Features
Relatively thick, slightly hooked bill, Dark eyes, Grayish legs and feet
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Insects, Spiders, Fruits, Berries
Foraging Behavior
Hepatic Tanagers forage actively in trees and shrubs, gleaning insects from leaves and branches. They also sally out to catch flying insects and may visit the ground to pick up fallen fruit.
Specializations
Their relatively strong bill allows them to handle larger insects and tougher-skinned fruits compared to some other tanagers.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet shifts seasonally depending on food availability. Insects may be more prominent during the breeding season, while fruits are more important at other times.
Behavior
Social Structure
Hepatic Tanagers are often found in pairs or small family groups, especially during the breeding season. Outside of breeding, they may form larger, loose flocks.
Communication
Variety of calls, including a distinctive "chick-burr", Songs are typically short and musical phrases, Visual displays during courtship and territorial defense
Migration
Most populations are resident or undertake short-distance movements. Altitudinal migration occurs in some mountainous regions.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Males defend breeding territories through song and displays. Outside of breeding, they are less territorial and may form mixed-species foraging flocks.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss and fragmentation, Pesticide use in some areas, Climate change (potential impact on habitat and food resources)
Protection Programs
No specific, large-scale programs dedicated solely to this species, but general habitat conservation efforts benefit them.
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the United States.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Global population estimated to be around 20,000,000.
Interesting Facts
The name "hepatic" refers to the liver-red color of the males.
This distinguishes them from other, brighter red tanagers like the Scarlet or Summer Tanager.
They are known to hybridize with other *Piranga* species in areas where their ranges overlap.
This can make identification challenging in some regions.
They can be found at elevations from 0 m to 3300 m.
This species has adapted to live in a wide range of elevations.
Faqs about Hepatic Tanager
What is the difference between a male and female Hepatic Tanager?
Males are typically a brick-red or liver-red color, while females are yellowish-olive.
Where can I see a Hepatic Tanager?
They are found from the southwestern United States through Mexico and Central America, and into South America. Look for them in pine-oak woodlands, dry forests, and savannas.
What do Hepatic Tanagers eat?
Their diet consists of insects, spiders, fruits, and berries.
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