The Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea) is native to North America. It is primarily found in the eastern regions of the United States and southern parts of Canada. During breeding season, it occupies the northeastern to central United States, extending into parts of southeastern Canada. In winter, it migrates to northern and western South America, particularly in areas like the Andean foothills and lowland forests.

During the breeding season, the Scarlet Tanager prefers deciduous and mixed woodlands, especially those that contain oak trees. It thrives in mature forests with a high canopy cover. The species seeks out dense foliage both for feeding and nesting, as it is typically found high up in the trees. In winter, the bird migrates to tropical forests and can inhabit forest edges and secondary growth in South America. The climate in its breeding habitat is temperate, whereas, in its wintering grounds, it experiences tropical and subtropical climates.

The Scarlet Tanager occupies the niche of a mid-level forest insectivore and frugivore. It feeds on a variety of insects such as beetles, caterpillars, ants, and wasps, as well as a selection of fruits and berries. This diet shifts more toward fruit consumption during the winter months in its tropical habitats. The species plays a role in controlling insect populations and potentially in seed dispersal through its fruit-eating habits.