Sciurus vulgaris, commonly known as the Eurasian red squirrel, is native to a wide range of Northern Europe and Asia. It is naturally found across the UK, Ireland, and most of mainland Europe, extending across Russia and into parts of the Middle East and Siberia.

The Eurasian red squirrel typically inhabits forested areas, with a strong preference for mature coniferous forests, though they are also found in mixed and deciduous woodlands. The typical environmental conditions include temperate climates with abundant tree cover, providing both shelter and food sources.

Eurasian red squirrels are primarily arboreal, spending most of their time in the trees. They play a crucial role in seed dispersion, particularly of conifer seeds, as they cache food during the abundant seasons. Their niche involves foraging for seeds, nuts, fruits, and occasionally bird eggs, and they play an integral part in the forest ecosystems they inhabit. Variations in habitat can arise based on regional differences, such as the availability of specific tree species like Scots pine or spruce in their range.