The Spanish Mastiff, also known as Mastín Espa?ol, is a large, robust dog with a thick double coat, traditionally used to guard livestock. It is known for its loyalty, intelligence, and protective nature. This breed is well-adapted to rural environments and mountainous terrains, often serving as a guardian against predators.

The Spanish Mastiff is native to the Iberian Peninsula, specifically originating from Spain. It is predominantly found in rural and mountainous regions within the country, including areas such as Castile and León, Asturias, and Cantabria.

The typical habitat of the Spanish Mastiff includes rural and mountainous environments with temperate climates. These areas often experience seasonal variations, with cold winters and mild to warm summers. The land is generally rugged and may include open fields, pastures, and woodlands, which are ideal for the breed's historical role as a livestock guardian.

The Spanish Mastiff is primarily used as a livestock guardian dog, a role that defines its ecological niche. It is adapted to protect sheep and other livestock from predators such as wolves and bears. This adaptation has influenced its physical and behavioral characteristics, including its large size, protective instincts, and ability to work independently in isolated and harsh environments.