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American Tree Sparrow
The American Tree Sparrow (*Spizelloides arborea*) is a small, hardy songbird known for its resilience in cold climates. Despite its name, it often forages on the ground, particularly in winter. It plays a vital role in seed dispersal and insect control within its ecosystem. It is easily recognizable by its rusty cap and eye line, and clear breast with a dark spot in the center.
14-16 cm
Length
20-24 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Breeds across northern North America, from Alaska through Canada to Newfoundland and Labrador. Winters in southern Canada and across much of the United States, excluding the southernmost states and the Pacific coast.
Lifespan
Typically 2-3 years in the wild, though some individuals may live longer.
American Tree Sparrow's Habitat
Habitat Types
Tundra, Taiga edges, Open woodlands, Shrubby fields, Marshes
Climate Zones
Subarctic, Temperate
Adaptations
Dense, insulating plumage allows survival in extremely cold temperatures. They also increase their body mass by accumulating fat reserves before winter.
Variations
Two subspecies are generally recognized: *S. a. arborea* in the east and *S. a. ochracea* in the west, with slight differences in plumage coloration.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Breeding plumage is slightly brighter, with a more defined rusty cap and a clearer gray breast. Nonbreeding plumage is duller, with buffier underparts.
Seasonal Feather Changes
The rusty cap can fade slightly in winter.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Minimal; males and females have very similar plumage.
Notable Features
Rusty cap and eyeline, Grayish-white underparts with a central dark spot, Bicolored bill: dark upper mandible, yellow lower mandible, Two white wing bars
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Seeds, Insects, Berries, Small fruits
Foraging Behavior
Forages primarily on the ground, scratching at leaf litter and snow to uncover seeds. Also gleans insects from vegetation.
Specializations
No particularly specialized feeding adaptations.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet shifts with availability. Predominantly seeds in winter; insects and berries are more important during the breeding season.
Behavior
Social Structure
Forms flocks during migration and winter. Territorial during the breeding season.
Communication
A sweet, musical song, often described as 'seet-seet-seet', A distinctive 'tseet' call note, Chipping alarm calls
Migration
Migrates at night. Travels in flocks, often with other sparrow species. Northern populations are completely migratory, while some southern populations may be short-distance migrants or resident.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Males defend territories during the breeding season through song and chasing. In winter, flocks maintain loose dominance hierarchies.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss (particularly shrubby, early successional habitats), Climate change (potentially affecting breeding habitat and food availability), Pesticide use (affecting insect prey)
Protection Programs
Conservation of breeding and wintering habitats, Monitoring programs like the Breeding Bird Survey
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the United States and Canada.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Global population estimated at 26 million.
Interesting Facts
They can survive temperatures as low as -30°C.
Their dense plumage and ability to increase metabolic rate help them endure harsh winter conditions.
The 'tree' in their name is misleading.
They spend much of their time on the ground, especially during winter, and nest low to the ground.
They are one of the earliest sparrows to arrive on their breeding grounds.
Their tolerance for cold weather allows them to begin breeding earlier than many other species.
Faqs about American Tree Sparrow
What should I do if I find an injured American Tree Sparrow?
Contact a local wildlife rehabilitator. It is illegal to possess or care for wild birds without the proper permits. Consult a professional for expert advice.
How can I attract American Tree Sparrows to my yard?
Provide a source of fresh water, offer seed mixes containing millet and sunflower seeds, and maintain some areas of dense shrubbery or brush piles for cover.
Are American Tree Sparrows and Chipping sparrows the same?
No, although they share some similarities, they are distinct. Chipping Sparrows have a gray rump, while American Tree Sparrows have a brown rump. Chipping Sparrows also lack the dark central spot on the breast that American Tree Sparrows have.
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