Stelgidopteryx serripennis, commonly known as the Northern Rough-winged Swallow, is native to North and Central America. Its geographical distribution covers a range that includes southern Canada, throughout the United States, and extends into Central America, reaching as far south as northern Panama. It is commonly found throughout Mexico and occasionally in parts of the Caribbean islands.

The Northern Rough-winged Swallow typically inhabits open areas near water bodies such as rivers, streams, lakes, and coasts. It is also found in open habitats such as grasslands, agricultural fields, and urban environments with open spaces for foraging. These swallows prefer areas with vertical surfaces for nesting, such as riverbanks, cliffs, and man-made structures like bridges and buildings.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis occupies an ecological niche as an insectivorous aerial forager. It feeds primarily on flying insects which it catches in flight. The species is adapted to a wide range of altitudes but is most commonly found at lower elevations. Its nesting habits involve using natural or artificial cavities, where it constructs nests from grasses and other plant materials. This species showcases flexibility in habitat selection, allowing it to exploit a variety of environments throughout its range.