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Cassin's Kingbird
Cassin's Kingbird (*Tyrannus vociferans*) is a large, robust flycatcher found in the southwestern United States, Mexico, and parts of Central America. It is named after American ornithologist John Cassin. This bird plays a vital role in its ecosystem by controlling insect populations. Cassin's Kingbird is known for its bold, assertive behavior and loud, distinctive calls, often heard at dawn and dusk. It is not considered globally threatened, but local populations can be affected by habitat loss and pesticide use.
20-24 cm
Length
38-41 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Southwestern United States (California, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas), extending south through Mexico and into Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Some populations are migratory, wintering in southern parts of the range.
Lifespan
Up to 8 years in the wild (based on banding records).
Cassin's Kingbird's Habitat
Habitat Types
Open woodlands, Savannas, Riparian corridors, Agricultural areas with scattered trees, Scrublands
Climate Zones
Arid, Semi-arid, Temperate, Subtropical
Adaptations
Tolerant of a wide range of temperatures and elevations. Prefers areas with prominent perches for hunting.
Variations
Two recognized subspecies: *T. v. vociferans* (most of the range) and *T. v. xenopterus* (restricted to southwestern Mexico).
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
No significant difference.
Seasonal Feather Changes
None
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Males and females are visually similar.
Notable Features
Gray head with a slightly darker mask through the eye, Bright yellow belly, White throat, Dark gray wings and tail, Small, concealed red crown patch (usually not visible)
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Insects (flies, beetles, wasps, bees, grasshoppers), Spiders, Occasionally small fruits and berries
Foraging Behavior
Typically hunts from a high, exposed perch, sallying out to catch flying insects in mid-air. Also hawks insects from foliage or the ground.
Specializations
Excellent aerial maneuverability for catching insects on the wing.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet shifts slightly depending on insect availability, with more fruit consumed during non-breeding season when insects are less abundant.
Behavior
Social Structure
Generally solitary or in pairs during breeding season. May form small, loose flocks during migration or at abundant food sources.
Communication
Loud, chattering calls ("chi-bew", "kip", "kit-tle kit-tle"), Rapid series of notes during territorial disputes, Wing fluttering during courtship displays
Migration
Partial migrant; northern populations move south for the winter, while southern populations may be resident year-round.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Highly territorial during breeding season, aggressively defending nesting and feeding areas from other kingbirds and even larger birds.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss due to agriculture and urbanization, Pesticide use, reducing insect prey, Collisions with vehicles
Protection Programs
Migratory Bird Treaty Act (protection in the US)
Local National Laws
Protected under various state and federal laws in the US and Mexico.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Global population estimated at 5.9 million (Partners in Flight).
Interesting Facts
They are known for their aggressive defense of their nests.
Cassin's Kingbirds will fearlessly attack larger birds, including hawks and crows, that come too close to their nests.
They often reuse the same nest site year after year.
This behavior, known as nest site fidelity, is common in many bird species.
They can catch insects in complete darkness.
While primarily diurnal, they have been observed foraging around artificial lights at night.
The "vociferans" in their scientific name refers to their loud calls
It means calling or shouting in Latin.
Faqs about Cassin's Kingbird
How can I distinguish Cassin's Kingbird from other kingbirds?
Look for the combination of a gray head, white throat, yellow belly, and dark tail. Western Kingbirds have a paler gray head and more yellow extending onto the chest. Tropical Kingbirds have a longer bill and a notched tail.
Do Cassin's Kingbirds visit bird feeders?
They rarely visit seed feeders, but may occasionally be attracted to feeders offering mealworms or fruit.
What should I do if a Cassin's kingbird is attacking me
If a Cassin's Kingbird is acting aggressively, it's likely defending its nest. Slowly back away from the area, and the bird should stop its defensive behavior.
Are Cassin's Kingbirds beneficial to humans?
Yes, they help control insect populations, including many species considered pests in agriculture.
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