Vanellus chilensis, commonly known as the Southern Lapwing, is native to South America. Its geographical distribution includes large parts of the continent, such as Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, southern Brazil, Bolivia, and Chile. It is also found in smaller numbers in Peru and reaches into the highlands of Ecuador and Colombia.

The Southern Lapwing typically inhabits open areas that include savannahs, grasslands, wetlands, and agricultural fields. It is frequently found in wet environments such as riverbanks, marshes, and lakesides, although it can also adapt to drier areas if water bodies are nearby. The species thrives in both temperate and subtropical climates.

The Southern Lapwing occupies an ecological niche as a ground-nesting bird that often feeds on insects and small invertebrates. It plays a role in controlling insect populations and is known for its aggressive territorial behavior during the breeding season, which helps protect its nests from predators.