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White-throated Sparrow
The White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis) is a common North American songbird known for its distinctive 'Oh-sweet-Canada-Canada' song. It plays a vital role in its ecosystem as both a seed disperser and a food source for predators. While not currently of high conservation concern, it faces threats common to many migratory birds. The species exhibits two distinct color morphs, a unique feature that has made it a subject of extensive scientific study.
15-19 cm
Length
20-23 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
Breeds across Canada and the northeastern United States, extending south in the Appalachian Mountains. Winters in the eastern and southern United States, and along the Pacific Coast.
Lifespan
Up to 10 years in the wild; average lifespan is shorter.
White-throated Sparrow's Habitat
Habitat Types
Forest edges, Woodlands, Thickets, Brushy fields, Suburban gardens
Climate Zones
Temperate, Boreal
Adaptations
Prefers areas with dense undergrowth for foraging and nesting, providing protection from predators.
Variations
Two distinct color morphs exist: white-striped and tan-striped. These morphs differ not only in plumage but also in behavior and genetics.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Breeding plumage is brighter, with more defined head stripes. Non-breeding plumage is duller.
Seasonal Feather Changes
Slight dulling of colors in the non-breeding season.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Minimal; males may have slightly brighter plumage.
Notable Features
Distinct white throat patch, Black and white (or brown and tan) head stripes, Yellow lores (area between the eye and bill)
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Seeds, Insects, Berries, Small fruits
Foraging Behavior
Forages primarily on the ground, scratching at leaf litter to uncover food. Also gleans insects from foliage.
Specializations
No highly specialized feeding adaptations.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet shifts seasonally; insects are more prevalent in the breeding season, while seeds and berries are important in winter.
Behavior
Social Structure
Generally solitary or in pairs during the breeding season. Forms loose flocks during migration and winter.
Communication
Distinctive 'Oh-sweet-Canada-Canada' song, Various call notes, including a sharp 'chip' and a thin 'seet'
Migration
Migrates at night. Travels in mixed-species flocks with other sparrows and songbirds.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Males defend territories during the breeding season. White-striped males are generally more aggressive than tan-striped males.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss and fragmentation, Collisions with buildings and windows, Pesticide exposure, Climate change
Protection Programs
None specifically for White-throated Sparrows, but benefits from general habitat conservation efforts.
Local National Laws
Protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act in the United States and Canada.
Population Trend
Slightly Decreasing
Population Estimates
Approximately 140 million individuals.
Interesting Facts
White-throated Sparrows exhibit two distinct color morphs.
The white-striped and tan-striped morphs differ in behavior and mate preferences, with white-striped birds being more aggressive and tan-striped birds providing more parental care.
The two color morphs are maintained by disassortative mating.
White-striped birds almost always mate with tan-striped birds, and vice versa. This maintains the genetic differences between the morphs.
They are known for their clear, whistled song.
The song is often transcribed as 'Oh-sweet-Canada-Canada-Canada' or 'Old-Sam-Peabody-Peabody-Peabody'.
Faqs about White-throated Sparrow
What do White-throated Sparrows eat?
They eat a variety of seeds, insects, berries, and small fruits, with their diet changing seasonally.
Where do White-throated Sparrows nest?
They typically nest on or near the ground, often concealed in dense vegetation.
Are White-throated Sparrows endangered?
No, they are classified as 'Least Concern' by the IUCN, but they do face threats such as habitat loss.
Why do some White-throated Sparrows have white stripes and others have tan stripes?
This is due to a genetic difference, and the two morphs exhibit different behaviors and mate preferences.
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