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Rufous-collared Sparrow
The Rufous-collared Sparrow (*Zonotrichia capensis*) is a widespread and adaptable New World sparrow found throughout much of Central and South America. It's a familiar sight in diverse habitats, from urban parks to high-altitude grasslands. This species plays a crucial role in seed dispersal and insect control within its extensive range. Its distinctive song, often described as a series of clear whistles, is a characteristic sound in many South American landscapes. The bird often holds cultural significance, featuring in local folklore and sometimes referenced in regional music and art.
13.5-15 cm
Length
20-23 cm
Wingspan
Least Concern
Conservation Status
Distribution
The Rufous-collared Sparrow has a vast range, extending from southern Mexico and the highlands of Central America down to Tierra del Fuego at the southern tip of South America. It is largely non-migratory, though some populations may exhibit altitudinal movements.
Lifespan
Typical lifespan in the wild is not well-documented, but likely ranges from 3-5 years. Some individuals may live longer.
Rufous-collared Sparrow's Habitat
Habitat Types
Grasslands, Shrublands, Open woodlands, Agricultural areas, Urban parks and gardens, High-altitude plateaus
Climate Zones
Tropical, Subtropical, Temperate, Montane
Adaptations
This species demonstrates remarkable adaptability to various altitudes and habitat types. Its generalist diet and tolerance of human-modified landscapes contribute to its success.
Variations
Numerous subspecies (over 25) are recognized across its range, exhibiting variations in plumage coloration, size, and song. These variations often reflect adaptations to local environmental conditions.
Appearance
Breeding Plumage
Plumage is generally consistent year-round.
Seasonal Feather Changes
Minimal seasonal variation.
Sex Based Plumage Differences
Males and females have similar plumage.
Notable Features
Distinctive rufous collar around the nape., Black and white streaked crown., Grayish-brown upperparts with darker streaks., Pale underparts.
Diet and Feeding
Primary Foods
Seeds, Insects, Small fruits, Spiders
Foraging Behavior
Primarily forages on the ground, hopping and scratching amongst leaf litter and low vegetation. Often seen in pairs or small flocks.
Specializations
No highly specialized feeding adaptations. Its generalist diet contributes to its wide distribution.
Seasonal Diet Variations
Diet may shift slightly depending on seasonal availability of food resources. For example, insects may be more prominent in the diet during the breeding season.
Behavior
Social Structure
Forms pairs during the breeding season. Outside of breeding, often seen in small flocks, sometimes mixed with other sparrow species.
Communication
Variety of calls, including a sharp 'tsip' contact call., A distinctive song consisting of clear whistles and trills, often used for territorial defense and mate attraction.
Migration
Mostly resident (non-migratory), although some populations, particularly those at higher altitudes, may undertake short-distance altitudinal movements in response to weather conditions.
Territorial or Group Behaviors
Territorial during the breeding season, defending a small area around the nest. Outside of breeding, they are more social and form flocks.
Conservation
Threats
Habitat loss due to agriculture and urbanization, Pesticide use in agricultural areas
Protection Programs
No specific large-scale protection programs are currently in place, but general habitat conservation efforts benefit this species.
Local National Laws
Protected under general bird protection laws in many countries within its range.
Population Trend
Stable
Population Estimates
Widespread and abundant; global population estimates are not precise but are likely in the millions.
Interesting Facts
They are one of the most widespread and adaptable bird species in South America.
Their ability to thrive in a variety of habitats, including human-modified landscapes, contributes to their success.
The Rufous-collared Sparrow has over 25 recognized subspecies.
This remarkable diversity reflects adaptations to local environments across its vast range.
Their song is often described as having a melancholic quality.
This has led to its incorporation into local folklore and music in some regions.
It is known by many different names across its range.
In Brazil, it is commonly called "Tico-tico".
Faqs about Rufous-collared Sparrow
Are Rufous-collared Sparrows migratory?
Most populations are resident, but some may undertake short-distance altitudinal migrations.
What do Rufous-collared Sparrows eat?
They primarily eat seeds and insects, but also consume small fruits and spiders.
Are they endangered?
No, they are classified as Least Concern by the IUCN due to their wide distribution and stable population.
How many eggs do they lay?
They typically lay 2-5 eggs per clutch.
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